Construcción y validación de una escala para evaluar salud sexual y reproductiva en adolescentes mujeres de la Región Caribe Colombiana / The Development and Validation of a scale to measure Reproductive and Sexual Health of young women in the Colombian Caribbean region

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo el diseño y validez de una escala para evaluar salud sexual y reproductiva. Participaron 919 estudiantes mujeres entre 11 a 19 años quienes respondieron el cuestionario, que evalúa actitudes y normas subjetivas, basado en planteamientos de la teoría de comportamiento planeado. Con el objetivo de comprobar la fiabilidad y validez del instrumento, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio y un análisis de componentes principales con rotación VARIMAX. Esta investigación incluye dos estudios independientes, en el estudio 1 (prueba piloto) la versión del pilotaje inicialmente constaba de 172 ítems y disminuyó a 78 en la muestra final. Para el estudio 2, en la escala de actitud se reporta una media de 3.68 (D.E. = 1.21) y un a= 0.91. Se extrajeron dos factores agrupados en dos dimensiones que explican un 67.10%; en la escala de normas subjetivas se obtuvo media de 3.80 (D.E. = 1.10) y un a= 0.97. Los ítems se adecuan a la matriz factorial. Se extrajeron 11 factores de los cuales son interpretables 9 y se explican en un 75.89%. En conclusión, el instrumento confirma una confiabilidad adecuada y estabilidad estructural de gran utilidad para la comprensión e implementación de estrategias de acción en sexualidad reproductiva en mujeres adolescentes.

This article describes the design and validation of a scale for evaluating reproductive and sexual health. 919 young females from 11 to 19 years in five Caribbean- Colombian cities were administered the questionnaire that assesses attitudes and subjective norms about the reproductive sexuality, based on the planned behavior theory (Ajzen & Fishbein, 2000). The reliability and validity of the instrument was analyzed through exploratory factorial analysis with principal components and VARIMAX rotation. The methodology includes two independent studies; in study 1 (pilot test) the first questionnaire consisted of 172 items and decreased to 78 in the final sample. For study 2, the attitude scale reported (Mean = 3.68, ED = 1.21) and Cronbach's alpha reliability was 0.91. Two factors were extracted and grouped into two dimensions that explain 67.10% of the variance. For the subjective norms scale (Mean = 3.8, ED = 1.1) Cronbach's alpha reliability was 0.97 and eleven factors were extracted and grouped into nine dimensions, which explain 75.89% of the variance. The scale showed good reliability and structural stability for the analysis and design of programs for sexual and reproductive health in adolescent girls.

Evaluación del cuestionario SF-12: verificación de la utilidad de la escala salud mental / Evaluation of the SF-12: Usefulness of the mental health scale

Background: The SF-12 is one of the most used questionnaires to evaluate the multidimensional health related quality of life, worldwide. However, the factor structure does not match the structure of the original instrument. Besides, most studies centered in the physical dimension paying less attention to mental health related quality of life. Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the SF-12 and to validate the mental health dimension of this questionnaire. Material and Methods: Two studies were conducted, the first consisting of 840 people aged between 18 and 60 years, who answered the SF-12. In the second study, 970 people aged between 18 and 60 years answered the SF-12 questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) was analyzed, along with construct and criterion validity for the mental health dimension. Results: The reliability estimate using Cronbach’s alpha in both studies was higher than 0.74 in both dimensions (physical and psychological). Construct validity analysis yielded a three factor complex solution. Finally the criterion validity analysis showed appropriate and significant correlations with depression and anxiety. Conclusions: The SF-12 and its mental health scale are suitable for epidemiological characterization studies.

Presentación de una escala para evaluar actitudes y creencias sobre la sexualidad reproductiva en adolescentes varones de la región Caribe colombiana / Presentation of an Attitudes and Beliefs Scale to Assess Adolescent Sexuality and Reproductive Health of Young Males in the Caribbean Region

Este artículo presenta la construcción y comprobación de la confiabilidad de un instrumento para evaluar las actitudes y normas subjetivas en el comportamiento sexual y reproductivo en varones en dos estudios. La escala fue administrada a 965 estudiantes varones escolarizados, entre 11 a 19 años de edad, en la región Caribe colombiana. En el Estudio 1 (pilotaje) el cuestionario constituido por 150 ítems se redujo a 78 en la prueba final. En la escala de actitud protección (Media = 4.1 y DE = 1.07) se obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0.93 y en la de actitud abstinencia/retardo (Media = 3.6 y DE = 1.26), un alfa de 0.88 y homogeneidad elevada con correlación ítem-total superiores a 0.6. Para la escala de creencias categorizada como normas subjetivas (Media = 3.79 y DE = 1.08) la estimación del alfa de Cronbach fue de 0.98 y homogeneidad adecuada con correlaciones superiores a 0.66. La evaluación de la validez de constructo mediante el análisis factorial exploratorio y análisis de componentes principales con rotación VARIMAX, denota adecuación satisfactoria de los datos a la matriz factorial en el Estudio 2 (escala definitiva). En conclusión el instrumento es confiable, de estructura estable para la medición de actitudes y normas subjetivas en sexualidad reproductiva y contribuirá a establecer acciones específicas en programas, acorde a las expectativas en salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes varones.

This paper presents the construction and testing of the reliability of an instrument to assess attitudes and subjective norms sexual and reproductive behavior of young males. The scale was administered to 965 male students (From of 11 to 19 years) enrolled at school in the Colombian Caribbean region. This work includes two independent studies, in the Study 1 (pilot) the questionnaire consisted of 150 items and it was reduced to 78. In the protective attitude scale (Mean = 4.1 and SD = 1.07) was obtained Cronbach's alpha of 0.93 and for the abstinence / delay attitude (Mean = 3.6 and SD = 1.26) an alpha of 0.88 with high homogeneity. The total correlation item was greater than 0.6 for all the attitude scales. On the scale of beliefs represented by the subjective norms (Mean = 3.79 and SD = 1.08) the estimation of Cronbach's alpha was 0.98 with correlations above 0.66. In Study 2 (final stop), the construct validity assessment using factorial analysis and principal components analysis with VARIMAX rotation reported a satisfactory fit of the data to the array factor. In conclusion, the instrument has a reliable and stable structure for the measurement of attitudes and subjective norms for sexuality and reproductive health, and it is useful to help in the setting of programs.

Escala de bienestar de Ryff: análisis comparativo de los modelos teóricos en distintos grupos de edad / Ryff scale of well-being: factorial structure of theoretical models in different age groups

La escala de bienestar psicológico surge a partir del modelo multidimensional propuesto por Ryff (1989). Pese a su amplia utilización, su estructura teórica inicial no ha sido confirmada completamente, debido a que se han encontrado otro tipo de soluciones factoriales distintas a las 6 dimensiones propuestas por la autora. Estas divergencias podrían estar relacionadas al tipo de muestras y poblaciones utilizadas. Ante esto, la siguiente investigación compara el ajuste factorial de los modelos tradicionalmente aplicados de corrección en distintos grupos en edad adulta. Se describen las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación al español realizada por Díaz et al. (2006), analizando los niveles de confiabilidad (consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal) y estructura factorial confirmatoria, en datos de 1646 personas entre 18 y 90 años de edad. Se encuentran diferencias en los indicadores de confiabilidad para la escala total y las dimensiones, así como en los indicadores de bondad de ajuste dependiendo del grupo de edad. El modelo que presenta mejores indicadores de ajuste en la mayoría de los rangos etarios evaluados fue el de seis factores de primer orden.

The scale of psychological well-being arises from the multidimensional model proposed by Ryff (1989). Despite its wide use, its initial theoretical structure has not been completely confirmed because other factorial solutions which are different from those 6 dimensions proposed by the author have been found. These differences may be related to the type of sample and population used. Given this fact, the current study compares the adjustment factor of correction models traditionally used in different groups of adults. We describe the psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation done by Díaz et al. (2006) and analyze the levels of reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) and confirmatory factorial structure with data from 1,646 people aged from 18 to 90 years old. Differences are found in the indicators of reliability for the total scale and its dimensions as well as in the indicators of goodness of fit depending on the age group. The model that presents the best indicators of adjustment for most age ranges evaluated was the one of six first-order factors.

El rol predisponente del optimismo: hacia un modelo etiológico del bienestar / The causal role of the optimism; towards an etiological model of well-being

En los últimos años, la investigación de los recursos psicológicos que favorecen la salud y el bienestar han experimentado un aumento considerable. Recientes datos muestran a partir de estudios altamente rigurosos y controlados, algunos de los beneficios que producen los estados y afectos positivos, como también del optimismo y el bienestar, entre otros estados positivos en la salud física y psicológica. A pesar de esta evidencia, existe aún poca información de los mecanismos y variables relacionadas en los procesos de bienestar, optimismo y afectos positivos. Así mismo existe escaso consenso acerca de los mecanismos psicológicos y/o neurofisiológicos que expliquen la relación con los estados positivos y su beneficio para la salud y principalmente acerca de las variables causales o etiológicas del bienestar. Se revisa la evidencia científica acerca de los beneficios de los estados positivos como el optimismo, felicidad y principalmente el bienestar. Se propone un modelo causal conceptual que plantea que el nivel de bienestar subjetivo y psicológico, está influenciado previamente por el nivel de optimismo. De esta forma y basada en la literatura y evidencia previa se plantea que el optimismo, al ser una condición aprendida desde la niñez, favorecería la mayor cantidad de experiencias positivas y emociones positivas. Estos estados afectivos positivos mediarían la relación entre el optimismo y el bienestar y sus consecuencias.

Research into the psychological resources that benefit health and well-being have increased dramatically in recent years. The latest data from highly rigorous and controlled studies show some of the benefits that produce positive states and affects, as well as optimism and well-being, among other positive states in physical and psychological health. In spite of this evidence, there is little information about the mechanisms and variables related to the processes of well-being, optimism and positive affects. In addition, there is no real consensus regarding the psychological and/or neurophysiological mechanisms that explain the relation to positive states and their benefit for health and mainly with respect to the causal or etiological variables of well-being. The scientific evidence about the benefits of positive states like optimism, happiness and mainly well-being is reviewed. A conceptual causal model is proposed which suggests that the level of subjective and psychological well-being is previously influenced by the level of optimism. This way, and based on the prior literature and evidence, it is proposed that optimism, being a condition learned from childhood, may stimulate the greatest number of positive experiences and positive emotions. These positive affect states would then mediate the relation between optimism and well-being and their consequences.

El rol de la felicidad y el optimismo como factor protector de la ansiedad / The role of happyness and optimism as a protector factor of anxiety

Se evaluaron factores protectores y de riesgo asociados a la ansiedad en 711 personas, quienes respondieron escalas de ansiedad, depresión, felicidad y optimismo, más antecedentes sociodemográficos. Los resultados indicaron que la depresión es un factor de riesgo para la ansiedad estado como rasgo, lo que concuerda con la literatura revisada, pues esta variable ha sido detectada en comorbilidad a la ansiedad, en estudios con personas de distintos grupos etarios. La felicidad se constituyó como factor protector para ambas ansiedades, mientras que el optimismo se evidenció como protector de la ansiedad rasgo. Estos resultados destacan la necesidad de mayor investigación con variables positivas y negativas en conjunto, dada sus potenciales aplicaciones en las intervenciones psicoterapéuticas especializadas para los trastornos psicológicos.

Protection and risk factors associated with anxiety were evaluated in 711 people, who reported different values in scales of anxiety, depression, happiness and optimism, including their socio-demographic background. Evidence that depression is a risk factor for anxiety state as a feature was found, which is in accordance with previous works, since this variable has been observed in comorbility to anxiety in people belonging to different age groups. It is also observed that happiness constitute a protective factor for both anxieties, while optimism is evinced as a protector of the anxiety feature. These results emphasize the need of further research, using positive and negative features as a whole, given the potential applications specialized in psychotherapeutic interventions for psychological disorders since this type of studies continue to be scarce.

Money, Age and Happiness: Association of Subjective Wellbeing with Socio-Demographic Variables / Dinero, edad y felicidad: Asociación del bienestar subjetivo y variables sociodemográficas

The relationship between happiness and socio-demographic variables (age, sex, socioeconomic status, educational level) was examinated, this with a Latin American sample and its association with Subjective wellbeing given the controversial empirical evidence of their relationship. We surveyed a total of 520 people (300 women and 220 men) between the ages of 18 and 29 with an average of 21.26 years and a standard deviation of 2.47 to answer the subjective happiness scale. The happiness variable was categorized, and the subjects were reorganized in happy and non-happy groups. From the use of main component analysis and logistic regressions, the main results show that variables which best characterize the happiness levels are age and socioeconomic status. Specifically, the results indicate that higher age within the sample, predicts lower levels of happiness. On the other side, at a higher socioeconomic level, people are happier. In addition, there are no differences between genders.

Se evaluó la relación entre felicidad y variables socio-demográficas (edad, sexo, estatus socioeconómico, nivel educativo) y su asociación con bienestar subjetivo en una muestra latinoamericana encontrando evidencia empírica controversial de su relación. Se encuestó un total de 520 persona (300 mujeres y 220 hombres) con edades entre los 18 y 29 años, con una media de 21.26 años, y una desviación estándar de 2.47 quienes respondieron la escala de felicidad subjetiva. La variable felicidad fue categorizada, y los participantes fueron clasificados en dos grupos: felices y no felices. Se analizaron los datos con un Análisis de Componentes Principales y Regresiones Logísticas, los principales resultados muestran que las variables que mejor caracterizan los niveles de felicidad son la edad y estatus socioeconómico. Puntualmente, los resultados indican que una mayor edad predice bajos niveles de felicidad. Por otra parte, a un mayor estatus socioeconómico mayor felicidad reportada. No se encontraron diferencias entre los géneros de los participantes.

Factores de riesgo familiares asociados a la conducta suicida en adolescentes con trastorno depresivo / Familial risk factors for suicide among adolescents with depression

Background: Suicide is the second or third cause of death among Chilean teenagers aged 15 to 19 years. Aim: To evaluate familial risk factors associated to suicidal attempt in adolescents with a depressive disorder. Material and methods: Thirty two teenagers with depression, aged between 13 and 18 years, receiving psychological treatment in six public Mental Health Centers in Santiago and 32 fathers, mothers or tutors were evaluated. Beck's Depression Inventory and the Family Adaptability and Cohesión Evaluation Scale (FACES III, family versión) were applied to adolescents. Aduits were evaluated by the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire and the FACES III parents versión. Results: No meaningful statistical association between adolescents suicidal attempt and family risk factors (family order, presence of family stressors and parent's mental health), was observed. However, there was a significant association between suicidal ideation of teenagers, their familiar adaptability and suicidal ideation of close relatives. Conclusions: Suicidal attempt in this group of teenagers was associated with familial adaptability and suicidal ideation by close relatives. Therefore close relatives must be integrated to the prevention programs for adolescents' suicide.